Design analysis

The Potato Eaters (1885)

Poppies (1887)

Sunflowers (1888)   

Irises (1889)

Starry Night (1889)  

Elements of design analysis:

Line: diagonal (suggesting movement or direction), deep and acute curves (suggesting confusion, turbulence and frenzy)
Shape: abstract, organic (irregular outline, asymmetrical)
Value: varies according to pieces (some has lighter background, some darker- across a gradient)
Colors: varies according to pieces (dark colors, warm colors, complementary colors)
Texture: Implied texture (may look smooth but cannot actually be felt)
Alignment and Proportion: clustered and compact
Eye Movement: compositional movement (how the components relate and lead the viewer's attention)

Principles of design:

Hierarchy: top down (there are parts)
Balance: asymmetrical, radial
Emphasis and variety: varies according to pieces
Harmony and unity: present as pictures create it's own story

In layman terms:

• impassioned brushstroke
• symbolic and intense color
• movement and vibration of form and line that is highly emotional
• powerful fusion of form and content
• dramatic
• lyrically rhythmic (emotional repetition)
• imaginative 

The root of his paintings are his dire efforts of explaining his constant struggle against madness and also an attempt of comprehending the essence of man and nature in its spiritual form.

Reference:
http://www.johnlovett.com/test.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_elements_and_principles
http://char.txa.cornell.edu/language/element/element.htm